How Networks communicate
Networks communicate through a process of data transmission between devices using standardized protocols and network armature. The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is an abstract frame used to understand how data travels over a network.
It divides the communication process into seven layers, each with specific functions. Below is a brief overview of how data travels through the OSI model.
1. Application Layer (Layer 7): Provides network services to end-users, similar to dispatch, data transfer, and web browsing. It interacts directly with software operations. An illustration of an operation layer is HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure), used by web browsers and web servers to transmit web pages.
2. Presentation Layer (Layer 6): Translates data formats between the operation and the network, ensuring that data is readable by different systems. It handles data encryption, contraction, and restatement.
An illustration of a presentation layer is the use of character rendering, which uses certain standard protocols for representing symbols and characters as double data similar to Unicode and ASCII.
3. Session Layer (Layer 5): Manages sessions between operations, establishing, maintaining, and terminating connections. An illustration of a session layer is the perpetration of structural query language (SQL) for managing database connections, initiating SQL sessions, and maintaining and terminating sessions.
4. Transport Layer (Layer 4): Ensures dependable data transfer with error checking and inflow control. Protocols like TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (Stoner Datagram Protocol) operate then. This layer is responsible for end-to-end encryption of communication between destination hosts.
An illustration of the transport layer is the establishment of a TCP (transmission control protocol) connection that provides an orderly delivery of connections for operations to run.
5. Network Layer (Layer 3): Determines the stylish path for data to travel across the network. It handles logical addressing and routing with protocols like IP (Internet Protocol). It also provides logical addressing on networks that allow devices to uniquely communicate across computer networks.
6. Data Link Layer (Layer 2): Provides node-to-node data transfer and handles error discovery and correction from the physical layer. It uses MAC addresses for physical addressing.
It also controls the transmission of data frames over the physical layer. An illustration of a Data Link Layer is a point-to-point protocol (PPP), which is used for establishing a connection between two bumps by supporting colourful network protocols, similar to IPv4 and IPv6.
7. Physical Layer (Layer 1): Transmits raw bit streams over physical media like lines and radio swells. It deals with tackling rudiments like lines, switches, and NICs (Network Interface Cards). It also defines the electrical and mechanical functions for activating, deactivating and maintaining physical connections for bit transmission between devices.
Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP Models
The TCP/IP model is another abstract model used to describe network communication, focusing on the specific protocols involved. It has four layers, frequently compared to the OSI model
1. Application Layer (OSI Layers 5-7): Combines OSI’s operation, presentation, and session layers. These layers are enforced together and they’re responsible for establishing sessions and handling and managing data presentation to end users on networks.
2. Transport Layer (OSI Layer 4): Similar to OSI’s transport layer, managing end-to-end communication. They also give services similar to error discovery and corrections. They also handle data flow control similar to segmentation and reassembly of data.
3. Internet Layer (OSI Layer 3): Similar to OSI’s network layer, handling logical addressing and routing. This layer handles and determines the stylish path for data to travel from a source to a destination; an illustration is the routing of packets between IPv4 Internet protocol and IPv6 Internet protocol grounded on bits address colluding.
4. Network Interface Layer (OSI Layers 1–2): Combines OSI’s physical and data link layers, managing physical data transfer and MAC addressing. The primary concern of this layer is addressing, routing and encouraging packets by handling the physical data transfer and MAC address.
Detailed Description of Three OSI Layers
1. Transport Layer (Layer 4): Its function is to ensure dependable data transfer with error discovery, correction, and flow control by using protocols like TCP, which provides connection-acquainted communication, and UDP, which also provides connectionless communication. It also facilitates the segmentation of data and ensures data packets are delivered in sequence and without errors.
2. Network Layer (Layer 3): Its function determines the stylish path for data transmission and manages logical addressing through IP addresses. It uses Protocols IP, ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), and routing protocols like OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) and BGP (Border Gateway Protocol). It also uses direct data packets between devices across different networks.
3. Data Link Layer (Layer 2): Its function provides node-to-node data transfer and handles MAC addressing and error discovery/correction. It uses Protocols similar to Ethernet, PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), and MAC (Media Access Control) addresses. It also ensures data frames are delivered to the correct device on an original network.
How Networks Communicate and Typical Devices Used
Networks communicate by using a combination of protocols and devices to transmit data from a source to a destination. The process involves the encapsulation of data into packets, addressing, routing, and error checking.
Modems are simple devices that connect multiple computers, broadcasting data to all connected devices. Switch devices are used to connect devices within a network and use MAC addresses to send data only to the intended philanthropist.
A Router is a device that connects different networks and directs data packets between them using IP addresses. Access Points devices give wireless connectivity to a wired network.
Modem devices are used to modulate and demodulate signals for internet connectivity. Data Transmission and Data Encapsulation of Data is reprised with heads and footers at each layer of the OSI model.
The data packets are assigned IP addresses (network layer) and MAC addresses (data link layer) to identify the source and destination. Packets are transmitted over physical media (wired or wireless) to the destination.
At the destination, each layer processes and removes its corresponding title/footer, eventually delivering the data to the operation.
Benefits of Using an Original Area Network (LAN)
Devices in a LAN can partake resources like printers, lines, and internet connections, reducing costs. LANs offer high data transfer speeds (up to 1 Gbps or advanced), easing fast communication.
LANs enable flawless communication between connected devices, supporting operations like dispatch and videotape conferencing. Centralized Data Management Data can be stored and managed centrally by servers, perfecting security and access control.
Setting up and maintaining a LAN is fairly affordable. LANs can be secured with robust measures like firewalls and encryption; they’re scalable, allowing easy addition of new devices and users.
Internet Sources:
Understanding the OSI Model https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/osi-model/osi-7-layer-model.html
Network Devices https://www.comptia.org/content/guides/networking-devices-and-how-they-work
Local Area Network (LAN) https://www.techopedia.com/definition/25259/local-area-network-lan
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